This year, for the first time in years, I’m revisiting Moscow in its summer prime, where the golden domes gleam brighter under the endless blue sky. The trip feels extra special—my mom and I decided to deep-dive into Moscow's incredible history with a visit to Cathedral Square, the beating historical heart of the Kremlin. What better way to refresh our knowledge and make new memories than by walking through centuries of Russian splendor?
Cathedral Square isn’t just another historical site; it’s a living timeline of Russia’s cultural, political, and architectural evolution. As soon as you step into the Kremlin, you’re greeted by the towering Kremlin Wall—stoic and unyielding—and the elegant Big Kremlin Palace, a stately gem that harmonizes modernity with Moscow's rich past.
Before you even set foot on the cobblestones of Cathedral Square, a few jaw-dropping sights steal the show. First, there’s the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, standing tall at nearly 81 meters. They say it was built to symbolize Moscow as the "Third Rome," and trust me, the view from up there makes you believe it. Imagine gazing across a skyline where ancient domes meet the sparkle of modern Moscow!
Then, there are the Tsars’ favorites: the massive Tsar Bell and the Tsar Cannon. Both are stunningly over-the-top—Russia’s flair for grandeur at its finest. While neither the bell was rung nor the cannon fired, their sheer size and craftsmanship make them unforgettable photo ops.
But lets speak in details.
Saint Basil's Cathedral in Red Square
Kremlin Towers & Walls
Spasskaya Tower
Encircling the Moscow Kremlin like a guardian of time, the Kremlin Walls stand as a testament to centuries of history, resilience, and architectural evolution. What we see today in their iconic red-brick glory is the result of a centuries-long transformation, with roots that stretch back to wooden fortifications.
From Wood to White Stone to Red Brick
The journey of the Kremlin Walls is as fascinating as Moscow itself. Initially crafted from wood, they were later reinforced with sturdy oak and then white stone, reflecting the architectural needs of the time. But it wasn’t until 1485, under the skilled hands of Italian craftsmen (yes, Italians shaping Moscow’s fortress!), that the current walls and towers took form. This new iteration—designed for both defense and grandeur—turned the Kremlin into one of Europe’s most impregnable fortresses.
What Makes the Kremlin Walls Stand Out
Impressive Dimensions
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Length: 2,235 meters, encircling the Kremlin like a perfectly measured embrace.
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Thickness: From 3.5 to 6.5 meters—thick enough to withstand cannon fire.
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Height: Rising between 5 to 19 meters, adapting to Moscow’s terrain like a second skin.
Inside Secrets
The walls aren’t just solid red bricks; inside, they’re a mix of cobblestone and white stone, all bonded with lime mortar. This ingenious blend made them both strong and durable, capable of withstanding centuries of wear and tear.
The Battlement Walkway
At the top of the walls lies a battlement walkway that was once used by guards patrolling the fortress. Lined with 1,045 sharp, two-pronged merlons, the walkway not only provided cover but also added to the fortress’s menacing beauty.
The Towers: Guardians of History
Strategically placed along the walls, the Kremlin’s towers were designed for military defense but seamlessly blend into the architectural grandeur of the complex. These towers played a pivotal role in making the Kremlin one of the most fortified and formidable structures in Europe.
More Than Just Walls
While their primary purpose was defense, the Kremlin Walls have become an enduring symbol of Moscow’s strength and history. Today, as we walk along Red Square or catch a glimpse of the Kremlin’s striking silhouette, we’re looking at more than just bricks and mortar—we’re witnessing layers of history, battles fought and won, and the evolution of a city that has stood the test of time.
The Kremlin Walls invite us to imagine the stories they’ve silently observed for centuries. From medieval sieges to modern celebrations.
Take a moment to stand beneath their towering presence and feel Moscow’s heartbeat—resilient, proud, and eternal.
The Grand Kremlin Palace
The Grand Kremlin Palace (Picture taken from Kremltour.ru)
Perched majestically on the Kremlin Hill, with sweeping views of the Moscow River valley, the Grand Kremlin Palace stands as a dazzling counterpoint to the ancient structures that surround it. Constructed between 1838 and 1849 by the visionary architect Konstantin Ton, this architectural marvel symbolizes Russia's embrace of modernity while honoring its imperial legacy.
A Bold Departure from Tradition
Unlike the traditional Russian architecture seen elsewhere within the Kremlin, the Grand Kremlin Palace adopts a monumental, modern style, reflecting the ambitions of the Russian Empire during the 19th century. Its grand façade and commanding position on the hill immediately draw the eye, exuding authority, elegance, and prestige.
A Glimpse Inside: 700 Rooms of Splendor
The sheer scale of the palace is jaw-dropping—it boasts 700 rooms, each with its own unique purpose and design. From its opulent vestibule to its legendary ceremonial halls, the interior of the Grand Kremlin Palace is a showcase of craftsmanship and grandeur.
1. The Ceremonial Halls
Designed to celebrate the martial valor and heroism of the Russian people, the palace features five primary ceremonial halls, each named after a Russian order:
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Georgian Hall: A gleaming tribute to the Order of St. George, Russia’s highest military honor.
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Catherine Hall: Elegantly feminine, reflecting the legacy of Catherine the Great.
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Vladimir Hall: Celebrating the Order of St. Vladimir, with rich crimson and gold detailing.
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Andrew Hall: A majestic space dedicated to the Order of St. Andrew, Russia's oldest order of chivalry.
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Alexander Hall: Honoring the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, a patron of Russian strength and unity.
2. Private and Ceremonial Spaces
Beyond the ceremonial halls, the palace holds rooms steeped in imperial charm, including a private bedroom, a grand reception hall, and even a walnut wardrobe — a detail that subtly hints at the practicality behind the opulence.
A Celebration of Russian Glory
Every inch of the Grand Kremlin Palace was designed to reflect the strength and grandeur of the Russian Empire. Its ceremonial halls, in particular, stand as testaments to the courage and resilience of the nation, with intricate details that symbolize power, victory, and unity.
A Living Legacy
Today, the Grand Kremlin Palace serves as the official residence of the Russian President and hosts state ceremonies, official receptions, and diplomatic events. It’s not just a building—it’s a living piece of history, echoing with the footsteps of emperors, statesmen, and world leaders who have walked its gilded halls.
The Senate Building
Photo is from 'Moscow Chronology'
Nestled within the Kremlin walls, the Senate Building is a testament to architectural brilliance and timeless innovation. Completed in 1787 by the acclaimed architect Matvei Kazakov, this neoclassical gem was initially designed to house Moscow’s judicial institutions.
A Design that Defies Limits
Kazakov faced a unique challenge: designing a grand building on a triangular plot of land. Rising to the occasion, he created a harmonious structure that makes ingenious use of the awkward geometry. At the heart of his design is the circular hall, topped by an extraordinary dome that has captivated onlookers for centuries.
The Dome that Dared
The Senate Building’s dome was a revolutionary feat of engineering. Constructed with just a single row of bricks, the dome seemed almost impossibly delicate — so much so that many contemporary Russian architects doubted it would hold up over time.
Moscow guides tells that as the scaffolding was being removed, Matvei Kazakov himself stood atop the dome, a daring act to prove its strength and stability. His confidence wasn’t misplaced; the dome has withstood the test of time, standing tall for over two centuries as a symbol of resilience.
A Presidential Transformation
Fast forward to modern history: from 1992 to 1995, the Senate Building underwent a meticulous renovation to become the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. While its exterior retains its 18th-century elegance, the interior was adapted to meet the demands of a contemporary state leader.
The Palace of Congresses
Commissioned by Nikita Khrushchev, the State Kremlin Palace made its grand debut in October 1961. Originally intended as a venue for Communist Party congresses, this bold architectural statement has since evolved into a dynamic cultural hub, hosting world-class concerts and official state events.
A Palace Above and Below
At first glance modernist design of the State Kremlin Palace might seem imposing. But what you can’t see is just as impressive: the building extends five stories underground, concealing a sprawling infrastructure. With over 800 rooms spread across 55,600 sq. m.
Photo is from 'Moscow Chronology'
The Heart of the Palace
The crown jewel of the palace is its main hall, a vast, state-of-the-art space that can seat an audience of 6,000 people. This stage has witnessed everything from high-stakes political congresses to breathtaking opera and ballet performances. It’s a place where Russian culture and history come alive.
Directly above the auditorium lies a lavish banquet hall. With seating for 2,500 guests, it’s the perfect venue for grand receptions, banquets, and celebrations fit for royalty—or dignitaries, in this case.
The Ivan the Great Bell Tower
Towering over Cathedral Square, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower is a beacon of Moscow’s architectural and historical grandeur. Built between 1505 and 1508 by the Italian architect Bon Fryazin, this iconic structure stands on the site of a 14th-century church dedicated to John Climacus (Иоанн Лествичник).
Originally a modest building, it underwent a significant transformation between 1598 and 1600 under the reign of Boris Godunov, who extended the tower to its current height of 81 meters, making it the tallest structure in Moscow at the time. A gilded inscription beneath the dome commemorates this grand expansion, reading:
"By the command of the Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Prince Boris Fyodorovich and his son, Fyodor Borisovich, the church was completed and gilded in the second year of their reign 108."
Panoramic Views and Historical Echoes
The Ivan the Great Bell Tower is a prime vantage point. Climbing its steps rewards visitors with breathtaking views of Moscow, offering a perspective that blends the city’s historical and modern landscapes in one panoramic sweep.
Tips for Visiting
Access to the Bell Tower is weather-dependent, so be sure to check the forecast before planning your visit. Tickets for specific time slots can be purchased at the Alexander Garden ticket office prior to entering the Kremlin grounds. Be aware, though: slots are limited, so flexibility with your schedule is essential to secure entry.
The Tsar Cannon
Nestled in Ivanovskaya Square, the Tsar Cannon is more than just an artillery piece; it’s a monument to the might, craftsmanship, and ambition of Russia’s past. Cast in 1586 by the famed craftsman Andrei Chokhov at the Moscow Cannon Yard, this awe-inspiring bronze behemoth is a masterpiece of engineering that commands attention from all who visit the Kremlin.
With its dimensions, the Tsar Cannon is nothing short of extraordinary:
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Barrel length: 5.34 meters
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Outer diameter: 1.2 meters
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Caliber: 890 millimeters
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Weight: 40 tons
A Cannon That Never Fired
Despite its intimidating presence, the Tsar Cannon was never actually fired in battle. The cannonballs displayed nearby—each weighing over a ton — are purely decorative, as the cannon was designed to fire stone grapeshot. Instead of battlefield glory, the Tsar Cannon became a symbol of Russian strength, solidifying its place as a historic and cultural icon.
"To Cry Out in Ivanovskaya"
The cannon’s location in Ivanovskaya Square ties it to a popular Russian expression, “to cry out in Ivanovskaya” (кричать во всю Ивановскую), meaning to make a loud announcement. This phrase reflects the square’s historical role as a place where proclamations were made — and the cannon’s grand presence certainly fits the theme.
Why Visit?
Standing before the Tsar Cannon, you’ll feel the weight of history and marvel at the ingenuity of its creators. It’s not only a piece of artillery, but a symbol of our heritage.
The Tsar Bell
Nestled in the heart of the Kremlin, the Tsar Bell stands as a towering testament to Russian ambition, artistry, and the bittersweet irony of unrealized potential. Weighing an astonishing 200 tons, this bell is the largest in the world and one of the most captivating relics of Russian history.
A Grand Ambition Born of Fire
The Tsar Bell was cast between 1733 and 1735 by the renowned craftsman Ivan Motorin and his son, Mikhail. Preparations for this colossal project spanned years, yet the actual casting — a feat of both engineering and determination — was completed in just 36 minutes in November 1735.
Once cast, the bell was destined for further glory, to be adorned with intricate sculptural reliefs depicting religious scenesand imperial figures, showcasing the peak of 18th-century Russian artistry.
But fate had other plans...
The Tragic Fire of 1737
Before the bell could fulfill its purpose, a devastating fire swept through Moscow in May 1737. As flames engulfed the area, the bell lay vulnerable in its casting pit. In a desperate attempt to douse the fire, cold water was poured over the heated bell, causing it to crack. A massive 11.5-ton fragment broke off, sealing its fate as a bell that would never ring.
The Bell’s Second Life
Despite its tragic origins, the Tsar Bell has become a symbol of Russian resilience and craftsmanship. In 1836, nearly a century after the fire, architect Auguste Montferrand oversaw the monumental task of raising the bell to its current location beside the Ivan the Great Bell Tower.
Today, the Tsar Bell captivates visitors with its size and intricate details. The reliefs — though unfinished — offer glimpses of the grandeur that was once envisioned, depicting religious icons, floral motifs, and majestic figures of Russian rulers.
Why Visit?
Standing before the Tsar Bell, you can’t help but feel a sense of awe. It is the story it carries: a tale of ambition, tragedy, and resilience. Though the Tsar Bell never fulfilled its intended purpose, its silence speaks volumes. It is a monument to human ingenuity and the determination to create something extraordinary, even in the face of adversity.
The Assumption Cathedral (Успенский Собор)
The Assumption Cathedral (Успенский Собор) is more than just a building; it’s the heartbeat of Russia’s imperial and spiritual history. Located in the Kremlin, this awe-inspiring masterpiece has witnessed the rise and reign of tsars, the coronation of emperors, and the spiritual leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church.
A Cathedral with a Legacy
The cathedral’s story begins in 1327, when Ivan I Kalita commissioned the first church on this sacred site. However, the magnificent structure we see today was built between 1475 and 1479 by the Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti, who blended Russian traditions with Renaissance innovations. The result is a majestic example of medieval Russian architecture, its golden domes gleaming under the Moscow sun.
Over centuries, the Assumption Cathedral became the stage for pivotal moments in Russian history. Tsars, including the infamous Ivan the Terrible, were crowned here, while the final coronation, for Nicholas II, took place on May 14, 1894. It also hosted the installations of metropolitans and patriarchs, with Patriarch Tikhon being the last to ascend to this position within its walls on November 21, 1917.
A Walk Through Sacred Art
Step inside, and you’ll be immersed in a world of divine artistry and historical significance. Every inch of the cathedral’s walls is a visual feast, adorned with intricate frescoes and icons that tell stories of faith, power, and eternity.
Mama at the doorsteps of the Assumption Cathedral
Southern Wall: Facing Cathedral Square, this wall features the revered icon of the Virgin Mary “Tenderness”(Умиление), flanked by Archangels Michael and Gabriel. Below, the columns bear portraits of Moscow’s legendary metropolitans—Peter, Alexis, Jonah, and Philip, alongside bishops John and Nikita.
Western Wall: Beneath a dramatic 19th-century portico, you’ll find vivid depictions of the Apocalypse, adding an air of mystery and grandeur to the cathedral’s sacred interior.
Northern Wall: Saints Paphnutius of Borovsk, Isaiah, Leontius, and Ignatius grace this wall. Nearby, in the northwest corner, lies a carved stone cross within a glass shrine, marking the burial site of Metropolitan Jonah—a poignant reminder of the cathedral’s deep connection to Russia’s spiritual history.
Eastern Wall: Dominating this section is a breathtaking depiction of the Holy Trinity, accompanied by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist, completing the cathedral’s tapestry of sacred art.
A Living Symbol
To stand within the Assumption Cathedral is to feel the weight of history and faith intertwining. It’s a place where coronations echoed with the promises of tsars, where prayers whispered through centuries, and where art speaks to the soul.
The Archangel Cathedral
(Архангельский Собор)
Interior of the Archangel Cathedral
The Archangel Cathedral (Архангельский Собор) is a striking symbol of Russia's royal and spiritual legacy. With its gleaming white stone walls and intricately painted frescoes, the cathedral stands as both a place of worship and a monument to the country's storied past.
A Cathedral of the Heavens
Dedicated to Archangel Michael, the celestial protector of warriors and the defender of the Russian tsars, this cathedral holds a significant place in the Kremlin’s history. For centuries, great princes and tsars would enter this sacred space to kneel in prayer before setting off to battle, seeking divine strength for their missions. It was also here that younger brothers pledged their loyalty to the grand prince, reinforcing the bonds of leadership and familial duty.
After the grandeur of a coronation ceremony, the new tsar would lead a solemn procession to the Archangel Cathedral, paying respect to the tombs of his royal ancestors—a deeply symbolic gesture connecting the living ruler to his lineage and the divine.
A Glimpse into the Past
The Archangel Cathedral, as we see it today, was completed in 1508, though its history traces back even further. In 2008, this architectural marvel celebrated its 500th anniversary, a milestone that highlights its enduring role as a sanctuary of Russian tradition and faith.
Inside, the cathedral’s frescoes depict scenes from scripture and the lives of saints, their vivid colors and intricate details telling stories of devotion, triumph, and divine protection. The tombs of Russia's rulers, including Ivan the Terrible’s sons and earlier princes, lie here, each one a testament to the rich tapestry of the nation’s history.
A Timeless Legacy
The Archangel Cathedral is a bridge between Russia’s royal past and its spiritual heritage. As you step inside, the air is thick with reverence, the walls echoing the prayers of centuries. It’s a space where power meets humility, where martial valor intertwines with spiritual devotion, and where history comes alive in every fresco, every tomb, and every prayer.
Visiting the Archangel Cathedral isn’t just about exploring architecture—it’s about stepping into the heart of Russia’s royal traditions, feeling the pulse of its history, and witnessing a legacy that has withstood the test of time.
The Annunciation Cathedral
(Благовещенский Собор)
Perched on the southern edge of Cathedral Square, overlooking the picturesque Borovitsky Hill, the Annunciation Cathedral (Благовещенский Собор) is a radiant symbol of Moscow's artistic and spiritual heritage. Built between 1484 and 1489 during the reign of Grand Prince Ivan III, this cathedral embodies centuries of devotion, architectural brilliance, and cultural significance.
A Harmony of Styles
The cathedral’s design masterfully combines the influences of Moscow and Pskov architectural traditions. The contribution of Pskov craftsmen is evident in the semicircular niches and ornate brick patterns, while Moscow’s signature style
shines through in the tiered hipped roofs and elegant kokoshniks, decorative gable elements inspired by traditional headpieces. Together, these styles create a harmonious and captivating structure that reflects the richness of Russian craftsmanship.
A Princely Chapel
Though modest in size, the Annunciation Cathedral was intended as a private chapel for the royal family, a sacred space where the grand princes of Moscow could worship. It was consecrated on April 7, 1489, in honor of the Feast of the Annunciation, celebrating the angel Gabriel’s message to the Virgin Mary of the coming birth of Jesus Christ.
The cathedral served as a spiritual sanctuary for the royal family, hosting their baptisms, weddings, and confessions. Its intimate yet grand design mirrors its dual role as both a personal refuge and a monumental declaration of faith.
A Celebration of History
In 1989, the Annunciation Cathedral marked its 500th anniversary with a remarkable exhibition of icons and ecclesiastical artifacts. This milestone was an opportunity to showcase its historical and religious significance, offering visitors a deeper appreciation of its enduring legacy.
As you walk across the square, you can almost hear the echoes of historical events that have shaped Russia. From royal processions to state ceremonies, Cathedral Square has been the backdrop for many significant moments. It's a place where you can feel the weight of history and the grandeur of the Russian state. Cathedral Square isn’t just a collection of buildings; it’s a living museum, a place where the past and present coexist in perfect harmony.
Walk in the footsteps of tsars, admire the stunning architecture, and immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of Russian history. It's an experience you’ll cherish forever, a place where the past is always present and history unfolds with every step you take.
The Cathedral Square working hours
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9:30 - 18:00 (15th of May - 30th of September)
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10:00 - 17:00 (1st of October - 14th of May)
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Thursday - day off
Ticketing Office working hours
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9:00 - 17:00 (15th of May - 30th of September)
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9:30 - 16:00 (1st of October - 14th of May)
Tickets can be purchased online or by visiting an official Ticketing Office in Aleksander Garden.
Let me know if you visited the Cathedral Square and what do you think about it :)